Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Grape Pomace Using Ni-ZrO₂-MSS and Ni-HZSM5 in a Water-Crude Glycerol Cosolvent.

ABSTRACT: This study focused on the catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of grape pomace using Ni-HZSM5 and Ni-ZrO₂-modified steel slag (MSS) catalysts, employing a water-crude glycerol cosolvent. The research aimed to understand how temperature, solvent ratios, and crude glycerol composition affect biocrude yield and properties, and to evaluate the stability of regenerated catalysts. The results revealed that when fatty acids/glycerides-rich crude glycerol was used, the highest biocrude yield of 76 wt %, HHV of 41 MJ/kg, H/C ratio of 1.81, and energy recovery of 90.9% was achieved at 320 °C with 75% crude glycerol concentration in the cosolvent. Catalytic HTL with Ni-HZSM5 significantly reduced the acid content of the biocrude by 44%. Although Ni-ZrO₂-MSS increased the bi

SUBMITTER: Mazhkoo S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11966271 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature