Combined anti-PD-L1 and anti-VEGFR2 therapy promotes the antitumor immune response in GBM by reprogramming tumor microenvironment.

ABSTRACT: Inhibitors of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) are commonly used in the clinic, but they are beneficial for only a minority of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. GBM has significant immunosuppressive properties, and there are many immunosuppressive cells and dysfunctional effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is one of the important reasons for the failure of clinical treatment of GBM. Here, we have identified P21 activated kinase 4 (PAK4) as a pivotal immune suppressor in the TME. PAK4 is a threonine protein kinase, and PAK4 knockdown attenuates vascular abnormalities and promotes T-cell infiltration. In this study, our results showed that the expression of PAK4 was significantly downregulated afte

SUBMITTER: Yao L 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11968841 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature