Complementarity in mixed farming systems enhances the smallholders income: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT: Mixed cropping and livestock production is a widespread farming system in less developed countries. The literature has mainly highlighted the synergistic effects between crop and livestock systems from an agronomic and environmental point of view, but has never investigated the (economic) complementarity that may exist between the two activities. Complementarity exists when mixed farming allows smallholders to earn higher incomes than in specialized systems, i.e., crop-only or livestock-only. Our paper is the first to test for complementarity in mixed farming by deriving empirical predictions from the theory of supermodularity, which are tested econometrically using a database of 360 farming households in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Our estimation results confirm the existence of a si

SUBMITTER: Fares M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11970675 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature