Ethanol extract of propolis relieves exercise-induced fatigue via modulating the metabolites and gut microbiota in mice.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Propolis, a natural mixture rich in bioactive compounds, has shown the potential to relieve exercise-induced fatigue. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the anti-fatigue effects of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and its potential mechanisms.

Methods

Male C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were subjected to swim training with or without EEP supplementation (400 mg/kg.bw) for 3 weeks, followed by a exhaustive swimming test to simulate exercise-induced fatigue. The exhaustion time and fatigue-related biochemical indices were measured to assess the anti-fatigue effects. The anti-fatigue mechanism of EEP was further investigated using untargeted serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota.

Results

SUBMITTER: Huang S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11980171 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature