Inequities in Household Out-Of-Pocket Spending Among Urban Slum Dwellers in Southeast Nigeria.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

This study examines the economic burden and inequities in out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) to access healthcare in urban slums in Nigeria.

Methods

The cross-sectional study was undertaken in eight urban slums in Enugu and Anambra, Nigeria. Participants (n = 1,025) responded to questions on health expenditures and access to healthcare. Gamma regression was used to estimate the mean differences in OOPE. Financing incidence analysis was used to estimate inequities in OOPE.

Results

Enugu residents and individuals with formal occupations incurred lower costs than the residents in Anambra and those employed in informal occupations. Households in the middle wealth quintile incurred higher costs than those in the poorest quintile. Gini, concentration, and Kakwani

SUBMITTER: Ozor O 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11981907 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature