Intensifying Nutrient Removal in Hybrid-Constructed Wetlands Treating Urban Streamwater.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) variation and the presence of macrophytes on the efficiency of two pilot-scale hybrid-constructed wetlands (HCWs) treating urban streamwater contaminated with nontreated sanitary sewage contributions from the surrounding communities. Each HCW comprises a vertical unit (VF) and a horizontal unit (HF) filled with sand and gravel. HCW-P was planted withEichornia crassipes onto the filtering media, and HCW-C was set up as a control unit with no macrophytes. The novelty of this study consists of evaluating the combination of these factors (HRT and macrophytes) in the operation of HCWs for removing organic matter and nutrients. The operation of the HCWs was divided into step I, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of

SUBMITTER: Patel AG 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12004156 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature