Unraveling overoptimism and publication bias in ML-driven science.

ABSTRACT: Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used across many disciplines with impressive reported results. However, recent studies suggest that the published performances of ML models are often overoptimistic. Validity concerns are underscored by findings of an inverse relationship between sample size and reported accuracy in published ML models, contrasting with the theory of learning curves where accuracy should improve or remain stable with increasing sample size. This paper investigates factors contributing to overoptimism in ML-driven science, focusing on overfitting and publication bias. We introduce a stochastic model for observed accuracy, integrating parametric learning curves and the aforementioned biases. We construct an estimator that corrects for these biases in observed data. Theor

SUBMITTER: Saidi P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12010447 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature