Examining wage inequality among women in India: A multidimensional analysis of socio-economic disparities.

ABSTRACT: Using the nationally representative Indian Human Development Surveys 2004-05 and 2011-12 and multiple inequality measures/frameworks, we investigate both vertical (within-group/interpersonal) and horizontal (between-group/inter group) socioeconomic (based on caste, religion, location and region) inequalities in wages among women in India. We find that the wage inequality (WI) is extremely high (around 60%) and has increased during 2004-12 driven by within-group inequalities which are very high and have increased, whereas between-group inequalities have reduced. There are stark rural-urban divides be it wage labour participation or mean wages; at the same time the WI itself is substantially higher in urban areas. Caste-based WIs are enormous with women belonging to scheduled groups and othe

SUBMITTER: Pandoh A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12021184 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature