Low-Cost 3D-Printed Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope.

ABSTRACT: Background: Currently available binocular indirect ophthalmoscopes (BIOs) are large and expensive. We sought to create a compact, low-cost 3D-printed BIO. Methods: The BIO was made with off-the-shelf electronics and optical components, computer-aided design (CAD), and a consumer-grade 3D printer. Ocular light safety was tested with a spectrometer. Results: The component cost of the 3D-printed BIO was $182.26. The wireless, spectacle-style BIO weighed 120 g and was more compact than commercially available BIO's, with the advantage of a battery incorporated into the frame. The BIO met the International Organization for Standardization's standards for indirect ophthalmoscopes, as well as the American National Standards Institute's Group 1 light hazard protection standards

SUBMITTER: Hwang BT 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12021479 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature