Cognitive underpinnings and ecological correlates of implicit bias against non-Americans in the United States.

ABSTRACT: Of the 330 million residents of the United States, over 40 million were born abroad. Such individuals are routinely referred to using labels such as "alien," "foreigner," and "noncitizen." In this multimethod project relying on data from 5437 U.S. citizens in experimental studies and 193,649 U.S. citizens in archival studies, we examine implicit (automatic) evaluations of non-Americans in the United States, their effects on impression formation, and their ecological correlates in the form of real-life outcomes. In Studies 1A-1C, the labels "alien," "foreigner," and "noncitizen" were found to be highly and similarly implicitly negative. In Studies 2A-2D, applying these labels to specific individuals created immediate implicit negativity toward them, irrespective of their gender or race. Fin

SUBMITTER: Kurdi B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12044061 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature