Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome modifies smoking-related risk for cardiovascular diseases: findings from an observational cohort study in UK Biobank.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The present study aims to investigate the association of smoking behaviors and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to evaluate whether the cardiovascular benefits of smoking cessation vary across different CKM conditions.

Methods

This study included 242,636 white European participants from the UK Biobank who were classified as CKM syndrome Stages 0 to 3 and free of CVD at baseline. Covariates adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate the associations of CKM syndrome with the risks of total CVD, stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and 13 CVD subtypes. The impact of smoking behavior across different CKM stages and the joint effect of smok

SUBMITTER: Liu X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12044822 | biostudies-literature | 2025 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature