Serum Norepinephrine and Cholesterol Concentrations as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Vitamin E Deficiency in Holstein Cows.

ABSTRACT: Vitamin E deficiency (VED) represents a common micronutrient deficiency in dairy cows (DCs), leading to severe degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and various health issues, ultimately causing significant economic losses for the global dairy sector. Accordingly, our objective was to explore the metabolic features of VED-afflicted cows by combining the untargeted gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify effective serum VED biomarkers. Untargeted GC-TOF-MS analysis identified 31 differential metabolites (DMs): 20 were overexpressed and 11 were suppressed in the VED group compared to the healthy control group. These DMs were enriched in six major metabolic pathways: glycine

SUBMITTER: Song Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12070827 | biostudies-literature | 2025 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature