Modifiable Nutritional Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Vitamin D, B₁₂, and Homocysteine Exposure Spanning Prenatal Development Through Late Adolescence.

ABSTRACT: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been associated with disruptions in one-carbon metabolism and vitamin D pathways. Nutritional exposures-particularly vitamin D, vitamin B₁₂, and homocysteine-may influence neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, a comprehensive, lifespan-spanning synthesis of these modifiable nutritional biomarkers has not been conducted. This systematic review and stratified meta-analysis critically synthesized data on vitamin D, vitamin B₁₂, and homocysteine to elucidate their relationships with ASD risk and symptomatology. Our central question was: How do levels of vitamin D, vitamin B₁₂, and homocysteine-measured before and after birth-affect the risk, severity, and potential treatment outcomes for ASD? We conducted a PRISMA (Preferred R

SUBMITTER: Avram OE 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12072606 | biostudies-literature | 2025 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature