Altitudinal gradients shaping tree diversity and regeneration dynamics in mountainous ecosystems.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Himalayan forests are crucial for ecological roles but face threats from natural and human factors. This study examines tree diversity, regeneration patterns, and human-induced threats in the Kashmir Western Himalayas. We use indices and multivariate analysis to investigate species richness, composition shifts, and the impact of ongoing anthropogenic threats on forest ecosystems.

Methods

Vegetation sampling was conducted at 45 sites in the Kashmir Himalayas, at elevations of 600 to 3600 m. Data were collected using quadrat methods. To investigate species diversity, composition, and human influences, statistical analyses such as Shannon and Simpson indices, Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Correspondence Anal

SUBMITTER: Gillani SW 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12083157 | biostudies-literature | 2025 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature