Changes in prevalence of alcohol and tobacco consumption across districts of India, 2016 and 2021.

ABSTRACT:

Background

India witnessed a rise in alcohol and tobacco consumption in the last few decades. However, the burden varies because of the huge population, diverse socioeconomic, cultural, and geographical characteristics, and different liquor policies across states. To understand the burden and progress, it is crucial to examine the consumption patterns at smaller geographical units. This study examines the trends and patterns in alcohol and tobacco consumption across 720 districts nested within 36 states (Union Territories) between 2016 and 2021.

Methods

We used the fourth (2015-16) and fifth (2019-21) rounds of the National Family Health Survey of India. Both rounds provide the district-representative sample for the estimation. We used a 4-level (level 1-individuals; level 2

SUBMITTER: Rajpal S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12108003 | biostudies-literature | 2025 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature