Sociodemographic Disparities in Exposures to Inorganic Contaminants in United States Public Water Systems.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Maximum contaminant level violations occur more frequently among some public water systems (PWS) serving marginalized communities across the United States. Spatially resolved PWS service area data are now available, allowing for better understanding of relationships between sociodemographic factors and water quality.

Objectives

We examined associations between detection and concentrations of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) and the sociodemographic characteristics of residents served by PWS at two spatial scales: PWS service areas and counties.

Methods

We leveraged data on inorganic contaminants in >273,000 drinking water samples from >21,000 PWS collected by state agencies and the US Environmental Protection Agency over the de

SUBMITTER: Dai MQ 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12129305 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature