Concomitant use of metformin and proton pump inhibitors increases vitamin B12 deficiency risk in type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the adverse drug reactions of metformin and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). As symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease are frequently reported in patients with diabetes, the concomitant use of metformin and PPI is expected. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of concurrent PPI use on the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using metformin.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted using a sample cohort database provided by the National Health Insurance Service. Among adult patients newly diagnosed with T2DM, new users of metformin who used metformin ≥4 months were included. The subjects were divided into two cohorts: metformin monotherapy and metfo

SUBMITTER: Jung C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12131923 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature