Template-free 3D programmable magnetization of soft millirobots induced by interlayer stress.

ABSTRACT: Soft magnetic miniature devices are crucial for applications in minimally invasive medicine, soft electronics, and robotics. While substantial progress has been made, current magnetic programming techniques are inherently tied to template-based and sequential fabrication processes. These processes limit scalability, precision, and programmability. Here, we present a template-free, integrative strategy that leverages interlayer stress-induced 3D shape morphing in xerogel-PDMS bilayer materials triggered by temperature variations. This process induces preprogrammed deformation and fixes the 3D structure via interlayer stress and solid-liquid phase transition. It is akin to an insect encased in amber, resulting in a soft machine with precisely tailored magnetic domains upon saturated magnetiz

SUBMITTER: Han J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12168012 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature