Prevalence, genetic diversity, and molecular detection of the apple hammerhead viroid in Germany.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Apple hammerhead viroid (AHVd) is an emerging plant pathogen infecting apple orchards worldwide. Its genetic variability and geographical distribution remain poorly understood, limiting effective diagnostics and management strategies.

Methods

In this study, 192 samples from German apple orchards were analyzed using reverse transcription (RT) and real-time PCR, one-step RT real-time PCR, and Sanger sequencing. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was employed on pooled RNA extracts to explore genetic diversity. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood methods, and viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) were identified from small RNA sequencing data.

Results and discussion

AHVd was detected in 78% of samples, with prevalence varying by re

SUBMITTER: Zikeli K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12170603 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature