Behavioral DiverCity: individual differences in behavior change along an urbanization gradient.

ABSTRACT: Urbanization is occurring globally at an unprecedented rate and, despite the eco-evolutionary importance of individual variation, we still have limited insight on how phenotypic variation is modified by anthropogenic environmental change. Urbanization can increase individual differences in some contexts, but whether this is generalizable to behavioral traits, which directly affect how organisms interact with, and respond to, environmental variation, is not well known. Here we examined variation across three behavioral traits linked to stress reactivity, anti-predator response, and novelty-coping (breath rate, handling aggression, and exploration behavior) in great tits Parus major along an urbanization gradient. We phenotyped > 1000 individuals across 9 yr, to test whether individua

SUBMITTER: Gervais L 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12202043 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul-Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature