Smoking promotes the progression of bladder cancer through FOXM1/CKAP2L axis.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for bladder cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the link between smoking and bladder cancer and identify the molecular mechanisms by which smoking promotes tumor progression.

Methods

The relationships between smoking and bladder cancer were assessed with cross-sectional analyses and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify the key genes involved in smoking-induced bladder cancer progression. Following treatment of bladder cancer cells with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), the effects of CKAP2L on proliferation and metastasis were evaluated using in vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion assay

SUBMITTER: Wu F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12254967 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature