Global, Regional, and National Burden of Smoking-Related Diseases and Associations With Health Workforce Distribution, 1990-2021: Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

To analyze global trends in smoking-related disease burden from 1990-2021 and examine associations with health workforce distribution across countries.

Methods

We analyzed smoking-related deaths and disability-adjusted life years using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data for 204 countries. Age-standardized rates were calculated for 27 geographic regions. Linear regression assessed temporal trends, while autoregressive integrated moving average models projected future burden to 2050. Correlation analyses examined relationships between 22 health workforce categories and disease burden.

Results

Globally, age-standardized death rates from smoking-related diseases increased by 12.3% from 1990-2021, with males showing higher rates than females across all regions.

SUBMITTER: Cai Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12263451 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature