ABSTRACT: Foodborne diseases pose significant public health and economic challenges worldwide, with conventional pathogen detection methods, such as culture-based assays and PCR, often hindered by the complex food matrix in categories like dairy, seafood, fresh produce, and processed foods. These matrices, containing fats, proteins, biofilms, and salts, interfere with detection accuracy, reducing the sensitivity and robustness of traditional approaches. Nanoparticle-based detection systems have emerged as transformative tools to overcome these challenges, offering enhanced sensitivity, rapid detection, and adaptability to real-time monitoring. Gold, silver, magnetic, polymeric, and hybrid nanoparticles leverage their unique optical, magnetic, and functional properties to facilitate specific pathogen
