Spermine treatment improves salinity tolerance in Plantago major by altering growth parameters, biochemical profiles and gene expression.

ABSTRACT: Salinity is one of the most challenging environmental factors limiting plant development and yield by interfering with key physiological and metabolic activities. In this study, we explored how applying spermine externally could help Plantago major L. cope with salt stress. A detailed analysis was carried out, examining changes in plant growth, water balance, biochemical composition, enzyme activity, gene expression, and metabolite accumulation. Plants were grown under four different conditions: untreated control, salinity stress alone, spermine treatment alone, and salinity combined with spermine. Exposure to salt significantly hindered shoot and root growth, decreased chlorophyll levels and water retention, and increased oxidative stress and the buildup of certain stress-related compound

SUBMITTER: Hossain MM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12267852 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature