Holistic integrative interpretation for similarities and differences of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) pathophysiological characteristics in patients with left and right heart failure.

ABSTRACT:

Background

This study is based on the theory of Holistic Integrative Physiology and Medicine (HIPM), which emphasizes a comprehensive understanding of the interplay of respiratory-circulatory-metabolic integration regulation. Within this theory, we recognize that left heart failure (LHF) and right heart failure (RHF) present distinct pathophysiological profiles, especially when assessed through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). We seek to elucidate the similarities and differences in CPET responses between LHF and RHF, thereby enhancing our understanding of their unique exercise pathophysiology.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we included 123 patients diagnosed with LHF and 101 patients with RHF, all of whom were treated at Fuwai Hospital between 2018 and 2023. E

SUBMITTER: Xiang MJ 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12268474 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature