The effect of long-term exposure to single and mixed mineral ions related to water hardness on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus).

ABSTRACT: The current study aimed to evaluate the harmful effects of single and mixed minerals involved in water hardness on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seventy-five fish were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 15), each consisting of three replicates (n = 5), and subjected to the following treatments for two months: standard fishery water, Ca (186 mg/L CaCl₂), Mg (40 mg/L MgCl₂), Na (25 g/L NaHCO₃), a mixture of MgCl₂, CaCl₂, and NaHCO₃ at the same protocol dosing to adjust water hardness at 300 mg/L. The results reported that fish exposed to Ca, Na, and Mix salts showed a significant decline in growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and protein profile along with a significant rise in the enzymatic activity of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, and MDA levels (P ≤ 0.05). Exposure of f

SUBMITTER: Hassanen EI 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12271268 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature