Prevalence and factors associated with respiratory symptoms in an urban population: findings from BOLD study in Karachi, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

Our study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of respiratory symptoms (RS) in an adult population aged ≥ 40 years in urban Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods

A population based cross-sectional study was conducted. Multi-stage cluster random sampling technique was used to enroll 1052 participants. Questionnaire based on the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study protocol was used to assess chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath (SOB). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors associated with RS.

Results

The overall weighted prevalence of RS in our study was; chronic cough: 12% (95% CI: 9.7-14.8), chronic phlegm: 11.8% (95% CI: 9.4-14.7), wheezing in last 12 months: 11.5% (95% CI: 9.4-14.0), an

SUBMITTER: Nafees AA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12274222 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature