The human milk bacteriome and mycobiome and their inter-kingdom interactions viewed across geography.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The human milk microbiota is one of the biologically active components of human milk, and factors affecting it and the effect size are not well understood. Assessments of human milk microbiota have mainly been done in small cohorts and/or in single geographical locations, and most have been restricted to the bacteriome. Here we assessed the bacterial, archaeal and fungal composition of human milk and the potential inter-kingdom interactions in milk collected from women living in a wide spectrum of countries, environments, and socio-economical settings.

Materials and methods

About 518 human milk samples were collected in 16 countries. After DNA extraction, bacterial and fungal metataxonomic analyses were performed via amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA an

SUBMITTER: Sun H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12277152 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature