Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.

ABSTRACT: This updated risk assessment evaluated evidence on potential adverse health effects of fluoride related to all sources of oral exposure as mandated by the European Commission. Fluoride benefit assessment was not included. Effects on the central nervous system, thyroid and bone were prioritised. Evidence from human studies indicates that total fluoride intake is associated with adverse effects on the developing brain at drinking water concentrations > 1.5 mg/L. The evidence of such associations below 1.5 mg/L was not sufficiently consistent to draw conclusions for risk assessment. Using drinking water concentration of 1.5 mg/L as a reference point, a safe level of intake including all sources of oral exposure of 3.3 mg/day was established for pregnant women to protect the fetus. This safe l

SUBMITTER: EFSA Scientific Committee 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12280829 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature