Environmentally Friendly Production of Graphene Oxide via Ball Milling: Characterization and Life Cycle Assessment.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the environmental impact and structural evolution of graphene oxide (GO) produced via a sodium sulfate-assisted ball milling method, focusing on the effect of milling duration. Graphite was milled for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, and the resulting GO samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to assess defect density, crystallite size, and flake morphology. The 12 h milling duration produced GO with optimal characteristics, including an I_D/I_G ratio of 1.00, an in-plane crystallite size (L_a) of 19.18 nm, and an average flake size of 1.22 ± 0.84 μm. Prolonged milling to 24 h increased the I_D/I_G ratio to 1.22, decreased L_a to 15.71 nm, and reduced the av

SUBMITTER: Sasrimuang S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12290633 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature