Immunization with Complete Freund's Adjuvant Reveals Trained Immunity-like Features in A/J Mice.

ABSTRACT:

Background/objectives

Freund's adjuvants induce different immunomodulatory effects, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the immune-stimulating effects of the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) involve the mechanisms of trained immunity (TI).

Methods

We examined bone marrow cells (BMCs) isolated from CFA-immunized A/J mice to address this question. Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. We evaluated cytokine profiles, metabolic, and epigenetic changes.

Results

First, BMCs from all groups except saline showed varied levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. But expression of CCL5 and CX

SUBMITTER: Mone K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12300380 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature