Assessing Choline, Carnitine, and Betaine Intake and Their Effects on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels: Validation of a Dietary Questionnaire in a Central European Population.

ABSTRACT:

Background/objectives

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Preventive strategies must recognize the excessive consumption of products rich in choline, carnitine, and betaine, which are substrates essential for TMAO synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a dietary questionnaire to assess the consumption of these compounds and investigate the correlation with serum TMAO levels in a Central European population.

Methods

A dietary questionnaire was designed based on a literature review identifying foods high in TMAO precursors. The tool was validated in a prospective study with 94 participants. The theoretical relevance and reliability of the tool were assessed using factor analysis an

SUBMITTER: Streb W 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12300400 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature