Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.

ABSTRACT: The most malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), has a high mortality rate. Recently, translational elements in GBM therapy have emerged as novel therapeutic strategies in addition to conventional treatment methods. In this way, Toll-like receptor (TLR), PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NOTCH, and other signaling pathways have recently become some of the main signaling pathways in brain tumors. The immunological reactions to brain tumors are mediated by these mechanisms. A family of proteins known as TLRs is essential to the natural defense mechanism because it can identify and react to infections and other danger signals. TLRs have dual functions in the glioma microenvironment including that they can initially activate the innate and adaptive immune responses that support antitumor

SUBMITTER: Norollahi SE 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12302769 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature