Integrating Temporal and Spatial Dimensions of Alpine Adaptation: Camera-Trap Insights on Bharal (<i>Pseudois nayaur</i>) in Giant Panda National Park.

ABSTRACT: Alpine ungulates exemplify climate vulnerability through their spatiotemporal adaptation strategies, yet integrated analyses of these dimensions remain scarce. Here, we investigated how bharal (Pseudois nayaur) in Giant Panda National Park adjusts both time-activity budgets and spatial distributions under extreme seasonal conditions. We deployed a network of 50 infrared cameras along altitudinal transects (3300-4500 m) during summer and winter. We extracted the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from satellite imagery for each camera site and calculated the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) to quantify activity intensity and assess its seasonal variation. Our results revealed two key adaptations. (i) Temporal compression: Activity intensity in winter was reduced by 66% compa

SUBMITTER: Zhang R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12304079 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature