Understanding food loss patterns across developed and developing countries using a GDP, growth rate, and health expenditure-based typology.

ABSTRACT: Food loss and waste (FLW) threaten progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 12.3, yet their distribution by development stage remains under-quantified. We created a time-weighted K-means typology for 105 countries (2000-2022) using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, GDP growth, and per-capita health expenditure-indicators chosen to capture economic capacity, growth momentum, and institutional investment. The scheme classified nations as developed (n = 13), developing (n = 92), or hybrid, with > 98% membership stability across weighting parameters. Linking this typology with FAO's FLW data, we modelled food loss percentages (FLP) across ten commodity groups and eight supply-chain stages using multilevel mixed-effects regression. Developed countries lost the most food at con

SUBMITTER: Baykoca B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12307759 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature