Long-term impact of PM_2.5 exposure on diabetic kidney disease patients considering time-dependent medication adjustment.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Ambient air pollutants adversely affect renal function and increase type 2 diabetes incidence. However, the impact of air pollution on diabetic kidney disease (DKD) patients remains underexplored, with limited consideration of medication-related effects. We assessed the influence of air pollutants on DKD patients while meticulously adjusting for medication use.

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled DKD patients. Primary and secondary outcomes included end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and a composite (ESKD and mortality). Nationwide forecasted ultra-high-resolution air pollutant data [2.5-μm particulate matter (PM_2.5), 10-μm particulate matter (PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO)] were obtained from the Ai-Machine learn

SUBMITTER: Kwon S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12311423 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature