Amlexanox Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury by Restoring Autophagy-Lysosomal Function via cAMP Signaling Modulation.

ABSTRACT: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts cellular homeostasis through lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy, contributing to neuronal degeneration. Despite advances in our understanding of these mechanisms, effective therapeutic options remain limited. This study investigates amlexanox (AMX), a broad-spectrum phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, as a potential treatment for TBI-induced neuronal damage. AMX not only increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels by inhibiting multiple PDE isoforms but also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and glial activation via NF-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibition. This dual pharmacological profile suggests a multifaceted therapeutic potential for brain injury. High-throug

SUBMITTER: Woo SY 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12320245 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature