Environmental risk factors, protective factors and lifestyles for lung cancer: an umbrella review.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with environmental exposures and lifestyle factors playing a crucial role in its etiology. This umbrella review aims to systematically assess and classify the strength of evidence for environmental and lifestyle factors associated with lung cancer risk.

Methods

A systematic search of published meta-analyses was conducted from database inception until January 31, 2025. Eligible meta-analyses included those evaluating associations between environmental or lifestyle exposures and lung cancer risk, with effect sizes reported as risk ratio (RR), odds ratios (OR), or standardized mortality ratios (SMR). The credibility of associations was assessed using statistical significance, heterogeneity (

SUBMITTER: Feng M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12321780 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature