Association between ambient air pollution and risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Previous studies examining the relationship between air pollution and the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have been inconsistent. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify this issue and offer insights into identifying high-risk factors.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed, Web of Science,, Embase and Scopus for published literature up to 12 May 2025. The cumulative relative risk and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the association between different pollutants, including particulate matter(PM)10, PM2.5, Nitrogen dioxide(NO₂), Sulfur dioxide(SO₂), Ozone(O₃), and Carbon monoxide(CO), and the incidence of HFMD.

Results

After condu

SUBMITTER: Hu Q 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12326836 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature