Mortality in male bodybuilding athletes.

ABSTRACT:

Background and aims

Premature deaths of bodybuilders have raised questions about the safety and associated risks of this discipline. The main objective of this study was to analyse mortality risk in a large international population of bodybuilders.

Methods

Male athletes who performed International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) competitions between 2005 and 2020 were identified and classified according to age, division and level. A standardized web-search, tailored to detect deaths, was performed for each athlete using specific keywords, with follow-up through July 2023. Mortality rates have been calculated both as the overall incidence rate during the monitored period as well as the annual incidence rate of those who participated in at least one competition w

SUBMITTER: Vecchiato M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12342505 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature