Activated human B cells produce phospholipase D4-containing extracellular vesicles.

ABSTRACT: Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) is an intracellular exonuclease implicated in immune regulation via nucleic acid degradation. While public proteomic databases indicate the presence of PLD4 in human plasma, its mode of extracellular release remains unclear. This study demonstrates that activated B cells secrete PLD4-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs), providing a novel mechanism for its extracellular presence. EVs were purified from human plasma and confirmed to contain PLD4 through immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To further investigate the cellular origin, human B cells were stimulated in vitro with B cell receptor engagement and TLR9 agonist. Light and electron microscopy revealed significant cellular hypertrophy and accumulation of m

SUBMITTER: Betsuyaku T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12352752 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature