Bio-inspired multimodal soft actuator with environmental self-adaptation.

ABSTRACT: Autonomous soft robots with built-in feedback can achieve self-sustained motion under constant, untethered stimuli. However, these systems are constrained to single-mode actuation within a fixed structure under the same type of stimulus and require human intervention to switch modes, lacking the robust and efficient self-adaptation of living organisms in changing environments. Inspired by Gymnura micrura, we developed a light-responsive soft actuator with engineered asymmetry and a dynamic structure, integrating two distinct built-in feedback mechanisms governed by intrinsic bifurcation. Thus, the actuator can seamlessly switch between three different motion modes-tracking, undulation, and oscillation-exhibiting self-adaptation to environmental changes (e.g., light intensity, viscosity, te

SUBMITTER: Chen C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12356950 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature