Individual Antipredator Responses Are Positively Correlated Across Cue Types in Free-Living Black-Capped Chickadees (<i>Poecile atricapillus</i>).

ABSTRACT: Prey animals must accurately assess predation risk within their environment. To gather information about this risk, prey animals may personally sample the environment ("personal information") or observe the behavior of congeners ("social information"). Personal information is thought to be more accurate and reliable but may also require more time and energy to acquire. On the other hand, social information, such as alarm calls, tends to be less costly to obtain but may also be less reliable if congeners assess risk differently from one another, or if the information quickly becomes outdated. Theoretical models predict that individuals will differ in how they value personal versus social information. We used previously collected data from a marked population of black-capped chickadees (P

SUBMITTER: Reid ELC 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12358306 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature