The combined effects of visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction on cognitive impairment: An individually matched case-control study.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

The combined effects of visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction on cognitive impairment remain unclear.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study with 25,432 adults aged 60 years or older. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze the effects of combined visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction on cognitive impairment, while controlling for confounding factors.

Results

Single or combined visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction negatively influenced cognitive impairment. Olfactory dysfunction had the greatest impact on dementia (odds ratio [OR] 2.37, 95% confidence interval 95% [CI] 2.01-2.79). For patients with combined sensory dysfunction, visual and olfactory dysfunction combined had the grea

SUBMITTER: Wu J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12360912 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature