Optimizing phosphorus released in calcareous soil amended with bone char and bone ash using response surface methodology and desirability function.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the optimization of phosphorus (P) released in calcareous soil-amended with bone ash (BA) and bone char (BC) compared to phosphate rock (PR) and single superphosphate (SSP) using a central composite design and desirability function. Incubation experiment was conducted (≃30 °C) to investigate the effects of P-levels (PL, 1000-4000 mg P/kg soil) and incubation time (14-90 days) on available-P, soluble-P, -Ca²⁺, -Mg²⁺, and soil-pH. Wetting and drying cycles were applied using distilled water (DW) and acidified water (AW). Results revealed a significant increase in soil phosphorus availability and solubility over time, particularly at higher PL. AW was more effective than DW in increasing available-P and soluble-P, -Ca²⁺, and -Mg²⁺, while reducing soil-pH and incubation ti

SUBMITTER: El-Damarawy YA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12361385 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature