Human bodies in virtual worlds: a systematic review of implicit sense of agency and ownership measured in immersive virtual reality environments.

ABSTRACT: Virtual reality (VR) offers novel tools for investigating the sense of agency (SoA) and sense of body ownership (SoO), key components of bodily self-consciousness, by enabling experimental manipulations beyond traditional paradigms. This review systematically examines how these manipulations affect SoA and SoO, focusing on their implicit indexes (e.g., intentional binding, proprioceptive drift) and their alignment with explicit measures. We clustered the manipulations based on their targeted mechanisms and evaluated their effects on SoA and SoO. Agency manipulations altered the relationship between real and virtual actions, in terms of visuomotor congruence (e.g., temporal or spatial misalignment between actions and outcomes) and movement control (e.g., replacing user actions with pre-reco

SUBMITTER: Girondini M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12367803 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature