Prospective associations between major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, fibromyalgia, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Functional disorders (FDs) are associated with internalizing disorders (IDs). Studies investigating the nature of these associations over time are limited. We tested the direction of causation between measures of IDs (major depressive disorder [MDD], generalized anxiety disorder [GAD]) and FDs (fibromyalgia [FM] and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome [ME/CFS]) measured across two waves of longitudinal data (N = 108,034 and N = 73,590).

Methods

The Lifelines Cohort Study is a large prospective population-based cohort study in the northeast of the Netherlands. We tested competing causal models for the longitudinal association between IDs and FDs and, to follow-up results from the model with all IDs and FDs, tested the direction of causa

SUBMITTER: Thomas NS 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12370297 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature