Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters in the Torghabeh River, Northeastern Iran.

ABSTRACT: Phthalate esters (PAEs), a group of well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are extensively used in plastic manufacturing and are recognized for their contribution to environmental pollution and potential adverse health effects. Rivers in urban and recreational areas are increasingly threatened by plastic-derived pollutants, yet there is a lack of data on the occurrence, distribution, and risks of PAEs in such environments in Iran. The Torghabeh River, a popular recreational site near Mashhad, may be particularly vulnerable to phthalate pollution due to tourism, waste discharge, and urban runoff. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and quantify PAEs in the water and sediment of the Torghabeh River and to assess their associated human and ecological risks. Water and sediment s

SUBMITTER: Hosseini Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12375007 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature