Active Component Design of Amorphous SnP_x/SnS_x and Interfacial Bonding Engineering in N/P/S-Doped Hard Carbon for High-Rate Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors.

ABSTRACT: Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors （SIC）face critical challenges from the kinetic mismatch and cycling life imbalance between battery-type anodes and capacitive cathodes. A slope-dominant N/P/S-doped hard carbon anode (Sn0.1@NSPC) with nearly plateau-free sloping charge-discharge curves, embedded with amorphous SnP_x/SnS_x composites, is developed. This unique design delivers a high reversible capacity of 412.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹ while retaining 180.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹, coupled with 90% capacity retention over 10 000 cycles. The amorphous SnP_x/SnS_x enables isotropic Na⁺ diffusion and volume expansion suppression, while interfacial Sn─P/Sn─S bonding activates the redox potential of P/S for sodium storage through reversible Na₃P/Na₂S formation. Densit

SUBMITTER: Jia Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12407265 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature