Developmental effects of sulfated thyroid hormones in sea urchin skeletogenesis suggest activation of non-canonical thyroid hormone signaling pathway.

ABSTRACT: Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential regulators of metabolism, homeostasis, and development in metazoans. The canonical genomic pathway involves THs binding to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (NTHRs), which modulate gene expression in vertebrates. In contrast, non-genomic pathways involve THs interacting with membrane-bound or cytoplasmic receptors. One such pathway includes TH binding to the RGD-binding integrin dimer αVβ3, which activates the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade, influencing cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Both T4 and sulfated thyroid hormones (STHs) have been identified as actual and putative ligands in this pathway respectively. In the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, T4 and to a lesser extent T3 accelerate biominer

SUBMITTER: Tieman K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12408288 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature